Due to an editing error, the terms “rate” and “rating” were
confused in the introduction of an earlier version of this post. To be
clear, a sailor’s rating is their occupational specialty in the service
while rate indicates a sailors pay grade. USNI News regrets the error.
U.S. Navy enlisted personnel—unlike those in the other services—wear
their jobs on their sleeves. A Marine machine-gunner wears similar
collar rank as the rest of his fire team; unless you ask him, or see his
military occupation in his file, one could never know his job specifics
just by looking at his uniform.
Not so in the Navy.
A
rating badge, worn by a newly minted Mass Communication Specialist 1st
Class in 2006. Enlisted sailors are classified by their unique jobs
unlike the rank structure in other U.S. military services. US Navy photo
The Navy’s complicated enlisted system is based on a sailor’s
occupation, or rating. Those range from the enduring—quartermaster,
yeoman, boatswain’s mate or hospital corpsman—to the more
obscure—religious programs specialist, interior communications
electrician or legalman.
Each job has its own unique title—such as Boatswain’s Mate 2nd Class
Jones—and an insignia denoting the rating included on his or her
uniform.
What makes the system so confusing is the constant creation of new
jobs, the merging of jobs or eliminating them entirely as the service
requires.
For example, in the last several years the Navy has created ratings
for unmanned vehicle operators and cyber-warfare technicians while
losing or merging jobs such as patternmaker and boiler technician.
The following is a collection of former Navy ratings (and one defunct
officer rank) made mostly obsolete by advances in technology and
occasionally by more modern stances on race, gender, and—at least in one
case—child-labor norms.
Powder Monkey
Powder Monkey on board USS New Hampshire off Charleston, S.C., circa 1864.
The primary duty of a ship’s powder monkeys was to carry gunpowder
from the storage magazine to the crews manning cannons. Regulations in
the 19th century did not allow boys younger than 13 to join the Navy
(though that was rarely enforced) and children as young as 6 were
documented as having served as powder monkeys during the Civil War.
The name most likely comes from the boys’ ability to quickly scamper
over and under obstacles on the cramped decks of a ship—like monkeys
swinging through trees. They were usually given the rating of Boy, which
actually referred to a sailor’s lack of experience at sea rather than
his age (many newly recruited adults of slight stature also served as
powder monkeys).
The Boy rate was disestablished in 1893 and the Navy became more
strict about keeping underage sailors from joining crews. By World War
I, shipboard elevators were commonly used to deliver shells to guns.
Chemical Warfareman
Chemical Warfareman in protective gear, 1942
Chemical warfaremen were responsible for damage control in the event
of a chemical, biological or radiological attack—not charging into
battle with toxic chemicals.
They were trained to repair equipment, initiate decontamination
procedures, and administer first aid to gas casualties. The first
version of this rating was established in 1942 because of fears that the
Japanese and Germans held large stockpiles of weaponized chemical
agents. The rating was further refined after the war and existed until
1954, when the duties were consolidated and assigned to the rating of
damage controlman.
Loblolly Boy
A loblolly making the rounds to feed the sick and wounded. From the Seaport Museum of Philadelphia
In the late 18th century, U.S. Navy ship crews usually included
loblolly boys, young men who had the grim task of assisting surgeons by
collecting amputated limbs, hauling the buckets of tar used to cauterize
stumps, and spreading sand to absorb blood.
In a practice adopted from Britain’s Royal Navy, they were also
responsible for feeding sick and wounded sailors a thick meat and
vegetable porridge known as “loblolly,” which is how they earned their
name. (Loblolly was also called by the utterly unappetizing name of
“spoon meat.”) Loblolly boys remained until 1861, when the rating went
through several name changes before evolving into hospital corpsman.
Schoolmaster
USS Hartford Schoolmaster James Connell at middle right with violin in 1877
Sailors in the 1800s rarely had a formal education, so many ships
carried a schoolmaster who was responsible for instructing the crew in
reading, writing and arithmetic. The schoolmaster also taught navigation
and the other advanced skills needed to make the men better sailors. A
schoolmaster might even try to culturally enrich the crew by exposing it
to music and art. However, many captains came to view schoolmasters as
ineffective and a waste of ship resources. It was frequently reported
that many schoolmasters were lazy and ubiquitously drunk. The Navy
decided chaplains had the educational background needed to help
enlighten a ship’s crew and the schoolmaster rate was eliminated in
1900.
Admiral of the Navy
Admiral of the Navy George Dewey in 1899.
The only exception to enlisted rates in the list is the defunct
supreme officer rank of admiral of the Navy. Only one person has been
promoted to the six-star equivalent rank: Adm. George Dewey. Dewey
returned from his 1898 victory at the Battle of Manila Bay to a hero’s
welcome and was so popular that products ranging from dishware to clocks
bearing his image could be found in homes throughout the country. In
addition to being promoted to the unprecedented rank of Admiral of the
Navy, he was also encouraged to make a run for the White House (but lost
support when he began to warn that the United States would one day be
at war with Germany). When the five-star rank of fleet admiral was
established in 1944, it was determined that Dewey’s rank of admiral of
the Navy was equivalent to six stars.
Incidentally, two men have been made general of the armies—General
John “Black Jack” Pershing (following WWI) and General George Washington
(though he had been dead for 177 years when he received the promotion).
Pigeon Trainer
Carrier
pigeon trainer WAVES Specialist 2nd Class Marcelle Whiteman holding a
carrier pigeon, Naval Air Station, Santa Ana, California, United States,
June 1945. National Archives Photo
The Navy began to use “pigeoneers” at the dawn of the 20th century,
tasking them with the feeding and caring of the flocks of birds used to
deliver messages. In addition to their natural homing abilities, pigeons
were valued because they could quickly carry messages over long
distances at high altitude. The development of radio soon brought more
efficient forms of communication, but the Navy continued to include
pigeon trainers in the ranks until 1961 to ensure there was an emergency
line of communication in periods of radio silence or in the event of
some type of technical failure.
Airship Rigger
Airship riggers aboard USS Macon in 1933.
In the 1920s the Navy began to view airships as platforms that could
be used for long-range reconnaissance and antisubmarine warfare. Initial
enthusiasm was so high that some analysts believed that airships were
the true future of the Navy and that the aircraft carriers being
concurrently developed were nothing but
an expensive fad.
The airship crews included riggers who were responsible for
maintaining the infrastructure of the dirigible and repaired any tears
in the gas cells or skin. Used to escort convoys in the Atlantic during
World War II, the airships proved to be an effective deterrent to
submarine attacks but were superseded by advances in heavier-than-air
planes as well as radar and sonar.
The airship rigger rating was disestablished in 1948 and the entire
airship program was abandoned in 1961. However, airships were
resurrected in 2011 when the Navy again began to experiment with them as
surveillance platforms.
International Business Machine (IBM) Operator
With
a need to better calculate gun trajectories, ensure accurate
accounting, and handle mass logistics, the Navy turned to IBM tabulating
equipment during WWII. The move gave birth to the rating of
International Business Machine operator. The rating only existed for
about a year before it was it changed to the generic but even more
unwieldy name of punched-card accounting machine operator, but IBM
continued to develop new products for the Navy. In 1944, IBM introduced
the nation’s first large-scale electromechanical calculator (the
automated sequence controlled calculator or the “Harvard Mark I”) that
was used by the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships. The operator rating went
through several transformations until becoming the current information
systems technician.
Jack of the Dust
The “Jack-o’-the Dust” of USS Scranton in 1919
In another holdover from the Royal Navy, the sailor who assisted the
cook by breaking out provisions was known as Dusty, or Jack of the Dust,
because he was often covered in flour from working in a bread room. The
rating was established in the U.S. Navy in 1876 and referred to the
storeroom keeper. Jack of the dust ceased being an official rating in
1893, but the name lives on in the modern Navy as an informal title
given to the culinary specialist in charge of canned goods or the
sailors assigned to food-service duty.
Aviation Carpenter’s Mate
USS Langley launching a mostly wooden DT-2 in San Diego, Calif., circa 1925
Early U.S. Navy planes were fairly delicate machines built of wood
and canvas. With shipboard aviation operations still in their infancy,
the planes were often placed in less than optimum flying and storage
conditionsl, which resulted in damage to the wooden frames, struts and
props. Recognizing that they needed sailors skilled with a lathe to
repair the damaged planes, the Navy established the aviation carpenter’s
mate rating in 1921. Advances in aviation and the development of
all-metal planes in the mid-1930s began to diminish the call for
aviation carpenters. The rating was disestablished in 1941 and the
duties were absorbed by the aviation metalsmith—the forerunner of the
current aviation structural mechanic.
Coal Heaver
Sailors on board USS Isla de Luzon shovel coal in the early 1900s. Naval History and Heritage Command Photo
As the age of sail gave way to the age of steam, ships began to require coal.
Tons upon tons of coal.
Coal heavers came into service in 1842 and hauled coal from a ship’s
bunker to the boiler furnaces. A coal heaver could make up to 50 trips a
day with a full bucket weighing about 140 pounds. Since it was hot,
dirty and dangerous work, the members of the “black gang” received
substantially higher pay than other sailors. In 1893, the rating was
changed to the less strenuous sounding (but probably equally
backbreaking and dirty) coal passer. The duties were incorporated into
the rating of fire 3c in 1917.
Steward (Filipino)
Filipino Stewards and their mascot on USS Seattle during WWII. Dogs were popular mascots in all the U.S. sea services.
With the defeat of Spanish forces 1898, the U.S. took possession of
the Philippines and soon began to recruit Filipinos to serve in the
Navy. For the next 70 years, Filipinos were permitted to join the Navy
without U.S. citizenship but were largely restricted to the steward
rating and assigned to work in galleys and wardrooms.
At the peak of the program, there were more Philippine nationals in
the U.S. Navy than the Philippine navy. It was not until 1971 that the
policy was changed to allow Filipinos to enlist in the Navy and enter
any rating for which they were considered qualified through education or
experience. When the U.S.-Philippine Military Bases Agreement expired
in 1992, the program allowing Philippine nationals to serve in the U.S.
Navy was also terminated.
Ship Cooper
A sailor displays the old “Grog Tub” on USS Constitution in the 1930s
The ship cooper made and repaired barrels, casks, and buckets, which
were essential at sea. Well-constructed wooden containers were used not
only to transport and protect food, water, and gunpowder, they held the
crew’s morale-boosting rum rations (
at least until the Navy banned alcohol on ships).
Coopers remained until 1884 when more durable material such as steel
began to replace wood, but their legacy survives in the term
“scuttlebutt.” Coopers would take a wooden butt (a type of cask) and
scuttle it by punching a hole to provide the crew with drinking water.
The crew would swap gossip while gathered at the cask on breaks (just
like modern water-cooler conversations)—which is why many old salts
still refer to news and rumors as “scuttlebutt.”
~~~~~
Again, my thanks to the US Naval Institute for this "blast from the past!"
Fair Winds,
Old Salt
